Pengertian dan contoh aplikasi berbasis vektor dan bitmap 1. Program Aplikasi Pembuat Grafis. Pada pembuatan media Informasi digital seperti halnya website, eksistensi grafis sudah menjadi suatu kebutuhan. Bahkan, sudah menjadi hal yang konvensional jika suatu website hanya terdapat grafis tanpa adanya animasi, baik animasi berbasis grafis maupun berbasis suara. Tidak dapat di pungkiri lagi, grafis yang menjadi tolak ukur kualitas suatu program aplikasi atau website. Hal tersebut menimbulkan perang urat syaraf antar produsen software, terutama perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bidang design grafis, sehingga bermunculan software- software berbasis grafis dengan fitur- fitur (fasilitas) yang canggih, mudah dalam pengoperasian, menarik, dan compatible. A. Pengertian Grafis Berbasis Vektor dan Grafis Berbasis Bitmap. Grafis adalah gambar yang tersusun dari koordinat- koordinat. Dengan demikian sumber gambar yang muncul pada layar monitor komputer terdiri atas titik- titik yang mempunyai nilai koordinat. Layar Monitor berfungsi sebgai sumbu koordinat x dan y. Pada desain grafis, desain dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yakni desain bitmap dan vektor. Grafis desain bitmap dibentuk dengan raster/pixel/dot/titik/point koordinat. Pengenalan Grafis Berbasis Vektor dan Berbasis Bitmap 1.1 Program Aplikasi Pembuat Grafis Pada pembuatan media Informasi digital seperti halnya website, eksistensi grafis sudah menjadi suatu kebutuhan. Bahkan, sudah menjadi. Semakin banyak jumlah titik yang membentuk suatu grafis bitmap berarti semakin tinggi tingkat kerapatannya. Hal ini menyebabkan semakin halus citra grafis, tetapi kapasitas filenya semakin besar. Ketajaman warna dan detail gambar pada tampilan bitmap bergantung pada banyaknya pixel warna atau resolusi yang membentuk gambar tersebut. Hal ini berkaitan erat dengan kemampuan monitor dan VGA ( Video Graphic Adapter ) yang digunakan. Jika gambar tampilan bitmap berresolusi tinggi di tampilkan pada monitor yang berresolusi rendah akan mengakibatkan gambar terlihat kasar , bahkan terlihat kabur berbentuk kotak- kotak ( juggy ) jika dilakukan pembesaran gambar. Satuan untuk ukuran grafis jenis bitmap ini adalah dpi ( dot per inch ) yang berarti banyaknya titik dalam satu inci. Untuk lebih memahami grafis jenis bitmap . Sebagai contoh kalian coba lihat gambar di bawah ini. Program aplikasi grafis yang berbasis vektor antara lain : CorelDraw, Macromedia Free hand, Adobe Illustrator dan Micrografx Designer. Perbedaan Grafis Vektor dan. Program Aplikasi Pengolah Grafis. Contoh program aplikasi grafis yang berbasis bitmap adalah . Microsoft Photo Editor Sedangkan program aplikasi grafis yang berbasis vektor contohnya adalah . Program aplikasi grafis 2 dimensi berbasis vektor yang dikeluarkan oleh Adobe systems untuk mengolah. Adobe FreeHand MX: Program aplikasi grafis 2 dimensi berbasis vektor yang dikeluarkan oleh Adobe systems. Pengertian Grafis Berbasis Vektor dan Grafis Berbasis Bitmap . Program aplikasi untuk membuat grafis vektor dan bitmap itu banyak sekali macamnya, seperti Page Maker, Corel Photo Paint. APLIKASI PENGOLAH GRAFIS BERBASIS VEKTOR DAN APLIKASI GRAFIS BERBASIS BITMAP. Beberapa grafis bitmap dapat Anda temui di file komputer, yakni file komputer yang berekstensi : . Grafis ini biasa digunakan untuk kepentingan foto- foto digital. Program aplikasi grafis yang berbasis bitmap, antara lain : Adobe Photoshop, Corel Photopaint, Microsoft Photo Editor dan Macromedia Fireworks. Semua program tersebut menawarkan kemudahan dan kelengkapan fiturnya. Selain grafis jenis bitmap, ada grafis jenis vektor yang merupakan perkembangan dari sistem grafis bitmap (digital). Grafis ini tidak tergantung pada banyaknya pixel penyusunnya dan kondisi monitor karena tampilan vektor tersusun atas garis- garis. Tampilan akan terlihat jelas meskipun dilakukan pembesaran (zooming). Penggunaan titik- titik koordinat dan rumus- rumus tertentu dapat menciptakan bermacam- macam bentuk grafis, seperti lingkaran, segitiga, bujur sangkar dan poligon. Dengan demikian , pemakaian grafis vektor akan lebih irit dari segi volume file, tetapi dari segi pemakaian prosessor akan memakan banyak memori. Program aplikasi grafis yang berbasis vektor antara lain : Corel. Draw , Macromedia Free hand, Adobe Illustrator dan Micrografx Designer. Perbedaan Grafis Vektor dan Grafis Bitmap. Vektor. Bitmap. 1. Gambar tetap jelas ketika di perbesar. Gambar kurang jelas ketika di perbesar. Tersusun oleh garis dan kurva. Tersusun atas titik- titik/dot. Ukuran File yang dihasilkan kecil. Ukuran File yang dihasilkan besar. Kualitas grafis tidak bergantung dari banyaknya pixel. Kualitas grafis bergantung dari banyaknya pixel.
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Topics Map > OS and Desktop Applications > Operating Systems > Windows Windows - Disabling Startup Programs. XP; Windows 7 & Vista; Windows 8. How to Change Windows Startup Programs. Some programs add themselves to the startup list in Windows 7 or 8.1 and. If you select 'Properties,' you can view the. How to modify the Group Policy for programs that run at user logon on. Windows - Disabling Startup Programs. Topics Map > OS and Desktop Applications > Operating Systems > Windows. This document explains how 'msconfig' can be used to disable programs that are starting with Windows and may be causing problems. Background. When a computer is turned on, and Windows starts to load, Windows begins to load other programs as well. Some of these programs are important to the normal operation of your computer, while others provide conveniences or features, and others still may serve no purpose or may even attempt to harm the computer. While Windows itself comes with a few of these start up programs built in, the vast majority of them come from programs installed on the computer. For example, installing i. Tunes on a computer will cause two additional programs to start when a computer is turned on. Normally, allowing a few of these additional programs to run is not much of a problem, but as a computer get more and more use, the number of programs starting with the computer starts to become unwieldy, and the computer's performance starts to suffer as a result. It can, therefore, be beneficial to disable some of these additional start up programs. Common folder variables used by malware and potentially. View sample submissions; Help. Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup %SystemDrive% Windows XP. If you click on Start The disabling of start up programs is done through the System Configuration utility, commonly referred to as 'msconfig.' For instructions on how to start and use the System Configuration utility to disable these programs, click your version of Windows below: Using the System Configuration utility. Start the System Configuration utility by clicking on Start » Run. In the Run window, type msconfig and then click OKThe System Configuration Utility window should now appear. This particular How To Automatically Launch Programs At Startup Windows Xp PDF start with Introduction, Brief Session till the Index/Glossary page. How to Manage Startup Programs in Windows XP. Open Windows Defender. View and manage Windows XP Services and. A better tool to view all autorun programs is. In Windows, how can I prevent a program from starting automatically? Often, a program starts automatically in Windows because of a shortcut in the Startup folder in. Click on the Startup tab. You should now see a window similar to the one below. This is a list of every program that starts when Windows is loaded. To disable a program, simply un- check the box next to it. If you are unsure if a program should be disabled, please either look it up on Process. Library. com or contact the Help Desk for assistance (See Get Help from Do. IT). When you are done, click OK to apply the changes. After you click OK, click on Restart when asked about restarting your computer. After your computer has restarted and you have logged back in, check the box next to Don't show this message or launch the System Configuration Utility when Windows starts and then click OK. On your keyboard, press the Windows key (the Apple key on Macs using Boot Camp) and R at the same time. In the Run window, type msconfig and then click OKClick on Continue if a User Account Control window appears. The System Configuration window should now appear. Click on the Startup tab. You should now see a window similar to the one below. This is a list of every program that starts when Windows is loaded. To disable a program, simply un- check the box next to it. If you are unsure if a program should be disabled, please either look it up on Process. Library. com or contact the Help Desk for assistance (See Get Help from Do. IT). When you are done, click OK to apply the changes. After you click OK, click on Restart when asked about restarting your computer. After your computer has restarted and you have logged back in, check the box next to Don't show this message or launch the System Configuration Utility when Windows starts and then click OK. On your keyboard, press Ctrl, Alt and Delete at the same time. Click Task Manager. Click the Startup tab. You should now see a list of every program that starts when Windows is loaded. To disabled an item, right click on it and click Disable. Changes will apply next time you restart your machine. PDF Food and Nutrients in Disease Management Read OnlineRead Ebook Now http:// Food and Nutrients in Disease Management. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION COMPLIANCE PROGRAM GUIDANCE MANUAL PROGRAM 7321.002. Food and Nutrients in Disease Management. Food and Nutrients in Disease Management. Food and Nutrients in Disease Management provides a wealth of information on the relationships between food, nutrients, and management of disease. Main food-derived molecules (nutrients and nutraceuticals). Crohn's disease: Management in adults. This can cause unwanted. Some specific examples of drug/nutrient interactions are given in Table. CDC nutrition efforts support public health strategies and programs that improve dietary quality. Healthy Food Environments Worksites. Role of Nutrition in Rheumatoid Arthrtis Management. By Cheryl Koch, CNSDUpdated by Rebecca Manno, MD, MHS 5/1. Introduction. It is estimated that collective spending by arthritis patients experimenting with unproven treatments, including diets, exceeds well over one million dollars annually. In 1. 98. 9, Arthritis Care(ref 1) noted that greater than 5. Arthritis Care members who were surveyed, had invested in “unorthodox medicines, substances, or treatments (including diets), during the prior six months”. CHAPTER 3 Weight Management. Since the 1. 93. 0’s researchers have been exploring the link between diet and arthritis. Once clear association between arthritis and nutrition has been demonstrated by the discoveries surrounding celiac disease. In this autoimmune condition, gluten is undoubtedly a trigger for the immune system and leads to robust inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, skin and joints. However, investigation into gluten or other nutrients as triggers for other types of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis has been more challenging. A Healthy Diet. Until we have access to more conclusive data regarding the benefits of dietary manipulation and RA, patients are encouraged to follow a healthy, balanced diet that fosters a healthy weight. It is important to avoid elimination diets and fad nutritional practices and to be cautious of claims of miracle cures. The fourth edition of Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans(ref 2) outlines some basic dietary advice for all healthy Americans ages 2 years and above about food choices that promote health and prevent disease. The main messages are as follows: Eat a variety of foods. The online version of Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease by. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease has been proving itself in the. Nutrients and Food Constituents in Cognitive. September/October 2016 (PDF) Vol. 5, September/October 2016; Vol. Balance the food you eat with physical activity, maintain or improve your weight. Choose a diet with plenty of grain products and vegetables, and fruits. Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat and cholesterol. Choose a diet moderate in sugars. If you drink alcoholic beverages, do so in moderation. We always encourage our patients to eat “real food.” This means avoiding processed foods which often contain high levels of preservatives, extra sugar and saturated fats. The more that you are in control of what you are eating, the better the overall benefits for your health and arthritis. Malnutrition. Patients with RA are considered to be at nutritional risk for many reasons. One cause of poor nutritional status in this patient population is thought to be the result of the weight loss and cachexia linked to cytokine production.(ref 3) In patients experiencing chronic inflammation the production of cytokines, such as interleukin- 1 and tumor necrosis factor, increases resting metabolic rate and protein breakdown. The effects of arthritis medications that are frequently taken long- term may also compound these nutritional problems. One example of this is observed in patients receiving methotrexate, where patients are frequently identified with folic acid deficiency. Additionally, prolonged dosing of other RA medications may be associated with conditions such as gastritis or peptic ulcer, frequently reducing a persons desire to eat. The most commonly observed vitamin and mineral deficiencies in patients with RA, are folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B6, vitamin B1. E, folic acid, calcium, magnesium, zinc and selenium.(ref 4) Although, food is always the preferred source for vitamins and minerals, it may be essential to use supplementation to assist in counterbalancing the outlined deficiencies and improving nutritional status for patients with RA. Increased intake of antioxidants such as selenium and vitamin E may decrease free- radical damage to joint linings, which diminish swelling and pain. However, to date, there have been no human clinical trials that convincingly prove or disprove the efficacy of antioxidant use. Supplementation of calcium and vitamin D is also recommended to decrease the risk of osteoporosis that results from nutritional loss of these supplements, from menopause and from concurrent steroid therapy. Food Hypersensitivities and Their Link to RAIn some patients, specific foods have been shown to exacerbate the symptoms of RA.(ref 5) Avoiding these foods or food groups has been shown to have limited, short term benefits but no benefits long term. Even though different forms of dietary modification have reportedly improved symptoms in some patients, people with RA may have spontaneous temporary remissions. Therefore, it is important to perform double- blind, placebo controlled trials to differentiate diet effect from spontaneous remission. You may identify a food that is a particular trigger for you, and this phenomenon is real. However, the science is not able to reliably identify specific triggers for individuals. Diet elimination therapy is a method of determining food hypersensitivities with patients. Elimination diets avoid a specific food or group of foods such as milk, meat or processed foods that are known to be prime allergy suspects. These foods are eliminated from the diet for a specific period of time. Foods are then gradually reintroduced one at a time, to determine whether any of them causes a reaction. Panush and colleagues, demonstrated temporary improvement in the signs and symptoms of RA with diet elimination and modification in a controlled study where the symptoms associated with food sensitivities were studied.(ref 5) During this study when the patient was fasting or on a severely restricted diet, the patients symptoms improved significantly. However, when the patient had milk reintroduced into the diet, episodes of pain, swollen and tender joints and stiffness were experienced. Similarly, Kjeldsen- Kragh and colleagues(ref 6) noted that fasting may be effective in reducing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, however most patients relapsed as new foods were reintroduced into the diet. Pain and discomfort frequently returned once a patient reverted to a normal diet. These studies are few in number and should be interpreted and extrapolated to real life only with careful thought and caution. Is Fasting Effective for Treating symptoms of RA? Fasting is a very high risk, short term treatment and is currently not an accepted modality for the treatment of RA. Only a limited number of studies have shown fasting to transiently reduce joint pain in RA, and there have been no studies that have shown persistence of the improvement for greater than ten days. A general improvement in arthritic pain and swelling has been observed on day four or five of the fast, and pain and swelling generally remains absent for the duration of the fast. However, patients do not observe long term benefits from fasting and symptoms return within one week of resuming a normal diet. Are There Benefits of Fish Oils on Arthritic Pain? In recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in the benefits of dietary fatty acids and their ability to modulate the inflammatory process. Dietary fatty acids such as Omega- 3 fatty acids found in oils of fish and sea animals are of particular interest. Unfortunately, there have been few experiments with fish oils in patients with RA that have shown favorable results and consequently practical and safe doses are still unknown for this dietary therapy.(ref 4) In most of the studies using fish oils, benefits are not usually observed until at least twelve weeks of continuous use and appear to increase with extended treatment time. It is important to note that fish oil supplements may interfere with blood clotting and increase the risk for stroke especially when consumed in conjunction with aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs. Taking fish oils has also been linked to changes in bowel habits such as diarrhea and may also cause an upset stomach. Until more is known about safe dosing for Omega- 3 fatty acids, supplementation in the form of gelatin capsules is not advised in this patient population. Rather increased consumption of fish rich in Omega 3 fatty acids such as salmon, herring and mackerel may be safer. Whether omega 3- fatty acids should be included as standard therapy for RA remains controversial. A recent exciting study published in the. Epub 2. 01. 3 Sep 3. Patients treated with supplemental fish oil, in combination with traditional DMARD therapy were more likely to achieve remission than DMARDs alone. We know that in some instances, available data have been interpreted to show that there may be an association between foods and joint pain for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Patients are encouraged to discuss diet therapy with their health care provider, follow the recommendations of the US Dietary Guidelines for Healthy Americans and add a multiple vitamin- mineral supplement that contains 1. Recommended Daily Intake to their diet (top of page)Selected References. Darlington LG. Dietary therapy for arthritis. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Department of Agriculture, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Roubenoff R, Freeman LM, Smith DE, Abad LW, Dinarello CA, Kehayias JJ. Adjuvant arthritis as a model of inflammatory cachexia. Arthritis and Rheumatism 4. Hudnall M. Illness and Disease Vitamins, Minerals and Dietary Supplements 1. Minneapolis, MN: Chronimed, 4. Panush RS. Does food cause or cure arthritis? Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America 1. Kjeldsen- Kragh J, Haugen M, Borchgrevink CF, Laerum E, Eek M, Mowinkel P, Hovi K, Oystein F. Controlled trial of fasting and one year vegetarian diet in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 3. 38: 8. 99- 9. Additional Resources. Darlington LG, Ramsey N, Mansfield J. Placebo controlled, blind study of dietary manipulation therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet I: 2. 36- 2. Denman AM, Mitchell B, Ansell B. Joint complaints and food allergic disorders. Annals of Allergy 5. Kjeldsen- Kragh J, Hvatum M, Haugen M, Forre O, Scott H. Still Running Windows XP? Here's What to Do – Tom's Guide. 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It does this to protect itself from anti-virus programs you may attempt to run and to make your computer unusable so that you will be further. There is really limited protection that people can put into place to protect themselves, because Microsoft won't be patching the . Unfortunately, many of those holes will exist in XP too, with the result that malicious hackers will have a Microsoft- drawn treasure map to XP exploitation. Roger Kay, principal analyst at Endpoint Technologies Associates, a technology- marketing consultancy in Massachusetts, thinks many consumers won't need to worry about the end of support for Windows XP. Most consumers usually buy a new operating system when they buy a new PC, he noted — and the last time new PCs running Windows XP were for sale in retail outlets was at least four or five years ago. Still, something between 2. PCs worldwide were running Windows XP in December 2. Many, perhaps most, of those machines won't be discarded or upgraded by April. Sticking with XP? Windows Firewall blocks some programs after you install Windows XP SP3. After you install Windows XP SP3. Windows 7, Windows Vista or Windows XP. Here's what to do. People who absolutely must use Windows XP for some reason, such as to run specialized software not available for later versions of Windows, or perhaps because they can't afford a new PC, should take several precautionary steps.— Ditch Internet Explorer. XP users should switch from Internet Explorer to third- party browsers such as Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox, Miller said. Both browsers will support XP, and continue to receive patches, beyond April. If an XP user doesn't already have a robust anti- virus software product, he or she should install one right away. Free anti- virus software is fine, but paid is better. Most anti- virus software makers will support XP until 2. MORE: Best PC Anti- Virus Software 2. Segregate user accounts. Any home user with an XP machine should restructure user accounts so that only a seldom- used administrator account can install or modify software. Everything else, especially Web and email use, should be done using limited accounts without administrator rights. Limited accounts limit the damage malware can do. Linux applications can open most old Windows files, but you won't be running Windows at all. Upgrade the OS or the machine? If you've decided on upgrading away from Windows XP, should you buy a new PC, or upgrade the operating system on an old one? Kay said it would make more sense to just buy a new PC.. Family Medicine Residency Program . The Residency Program has been in operation since 1. American Board Academy of Family Medicine standards and the accreditation of the ACGME. The program is approved for 2. Program Curriculum. Family Medicine residents complete traditional rotations, as well as many other unique and progressive educational experiences. 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This website of the CENTRAL EUROPE 2007-2013 Programme was archived in January 2016. For up-to-date information on Interreg CENTRAL EUROPE, please visit www.interreg-central.eu. With tens of thousands of hotspots in over 70 countries, wherever you roam, you can eduroam. Configure your device for eduroam. Find out how to configure your device for eduroam. Kinderplaneta joins in Europa Centralna. Europa Centralna, Helical Poland’s 67,000 sqm retail park and shopping centre at the A1/A4 interchange in Silesia, has extended its offer to younger. Awards Gala & Forum Program. Gry, przeznaczone dla dzieci i m Otwarcie centrum handlowego Europa Centralna w Gliwicach ju. W weekend organizowane s Europa > Osnovne informacije. Evropska centralna banka (ECB) Evropsko. Slovakia in January 2. Estonia in January 2. Latvia in January 2. Lithuania in January 2. Governing Council. On that occasion, the Governing Council clarified that . Member states can issue euro coins, but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand (upon the introduction of the euro, the ECB also had exclusive right to issue coins). There are about 1,5. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy. A decrease has the contrary effect. The contracts are carried on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet and the resulting deposits in member banks are carried as a liability. In layman terms, the liability of the central bank is money, and an increase in deposits in member banks, carried as a liability by the central bank, means that more money has been put into the economy. These can be the public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted. Since January 2. 01. Europa Centralna: Otwarcie Cofeeheaven i Kinderplanety. 2013-03-15 22:09:49; Kolejni najemcy otwieraj. Council are published on internet. It is composed of Chair (appointed for a non- renewable term of five years), Vice- Chair (chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board) four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors. If the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank (NCB), the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB. In such cases, the representatives are together considered as one member for the purposes of the voting procedure. It is composed by the Chair of the Supervisory Board, Vice- Chair of the Supervisory Board, one ECB representative and five representatives of national supervisors. The five representatives of national supervisors are appointed by the Supervisory Board for one year based on a rotation system that ensures a fair representation of countries. Its initial capital was supposed to be . The NCBs of the non- participating countries have had to pay 7% of their respective subscriptions to the ECB's capital as a contribution to the operational costs of the ECB. As a result, the ECB was endowed with an initial capital of just under . Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral. The ECB adjusts the shares every five years and whenever a new country joins the EU. The adjustment is made on the basis of data provided by the European Commission. All national central banks (NCBs) that own a share of the ECB capital stock as of 1 January 2. Non- Euro area NCBs are required to pay up only a very small percentage of their subscribed capital, which accounts for the different magnitudes of Euro area and Non- Euro area total paid- up capital. The contributions of each NCB is in proportion to its share in the ECB's subscribed capital, while in return each NCB is credited by the ECB with a claim in euro equivalent to its contribution. US dollars and Japanese yen. External communications are handled flexibly: English is preferred (though not exclusively) for communication within the ESCB (i. When performing Eurosystem- related tasks, neither the ECB, nor an NCB, nor any member of their decision- making bodies may seek or take instructions from any external body. The Community institutions and bodies and the governments of the member states may not seek to influence the members of the decision- making bodies of the ECB or of the NCBs in the performance of their tasks. Security of tenure. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the European Council. In spite of the fact that voting inside the ECB is secret, there is some evidence pointing in the direction of Governing Council members voting along national lines. Its capital is subscribed and paid up by the euro area central banks. This so- called European debt crisis began after Greece's new elected government stopped masking its true indebtedness and budget deficit and openly communicated the imminent danger of a Greek sovereign default. Seeing a sovereign default in the eurozone as a shock, the general public, international and European institutions, and the financial community started to intensively reassess the economic situation and creditworthiness of eurozone states. Those eurozone states being assessed as not financially sustainable enough on their current path, faced waves of credit rating downgrades and rising borrowing costs including increasing interest rate spreads. As a consequence, the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced. Together with massive financial support of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), these facilities have provided funds to Greece, Ireland, and Portugal in 2. In 2. 01. 2 the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) with a lending capacity of . The ESM is intended as a permanent firewall for the eurozone to safeguard and provide instant access to financial assistance programmes for member states in financial difficulty. Spain and Cyprus have drawn funds from the ESM programme in 2. In 2. 01. 3 the European Fiscal Compact became valid as a contract that obliges the EU member states to introduce domestic self- correcting mechanisms on member state level to ensure balanced public budgets and sustainable public debt levels. In 2. 01. 4 the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) was introduced. It grants the European Central Bank (ECB) a supervisory role to monitor the financial stability of banks in the eurozone states (full members) and other EU states. This supervision is intended as a first step to prevent bank bailout needs in EU states that could induce or contribute to a debt crisis in the respective state. The EU contracts. Greece had the greatest need for reforms but also most problems to implement those, so the Greek exit, also called . Germany, as a large and financially stable state being in the focus to be asked to guarantee or repay other states debt, has never pushed those exits. Their position is to keep Greece within the eurozone, but not at any cost. If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability. One is to induce debtors to make a greater effort to make good on their debt. Private- sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system. Another possible response is for wealthy member countries to guarantee or purchase the debt of countries that have defaulted or are likely to default. In these facilities, bonds are not purchased but used in reverse transactions: repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans. These two transactions are similar, i. In the repos the ownership of the collateral changes to the ECB until the loan is repaid. This changed with the recent sovereign- debt crisis. The ECB always could, and through the late summer of 2. ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian debt. Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank, for example, were intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank. Such a move is similar to what the US federal reserve did in buying subprime mortgages in the crisis of 2. European crisis, the purchases are of member state debt. The risk of such a move is that it could diminish the value of the currency. This would imply, as a quid pro quo, adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies of the weaker states to improve the perceived value of the assets. Creditors profit of bargains with bonds sold at prices that exceed market's quotes. As of 1. 8 June 2. ECB in total had spent . Purchases are initially . The program is expected to last until at least September 2. In 2. 00. 3, refinancing via LTROs amounted to 4. ECB. The first tender was settled 3 April, and was more than four times oversubscribed. Another six- month tender was allotted on 9 July, again to the amount of . The first 1. 2- month LTRO in June 2. The loans were not offered to European states, but government securities issued by European states would be acceptable collateral as would mortgage- backed securities and other commercial paper that can be demonstrated to be secure. The programme was announced on 8 December 2. It also hoped that banks would use some of the money to buy government bonds, effectively easing the debt crisis. This can be compared with the 5. December 2. 01. 1. Find details on my new book Soul Shifts and receive free gifts including courses and meditations on my website. Barbara De Angelis Find details on my new book Soul Shifts and receive free gifts including courses and meditations on my website. Barbara De Angelis is a renowned transformational teacher, TV personality and #1 NY Times bestselling author of 15 books plus her latest: Soul Shifts. 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